Materi B.inggris
TENSES
Tenses adalah perubahan kata kerja yang dipengaruhi
oleh waktu dan sifat kejadian. Semua kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris
tidak lepas dari tenses karena
semua kalimat pasti ada hubungannya
dengan waktu dan sifat
kejadiannya.
Waktu
|
Present
|
Past
|
Future
|
Sifat Kejadiannya
|
Simple Present
|
Simple Past
|
Simple Future
|
Present
Continouos
|
Past Continouos
|
Future
Continouos
|
|
Present Perfect
|
Past Perfect
|
Future Perfect
|
|
Present Perfect
Continuous
|
Past Perfect
Continuous
|
Future Perfect
Continuous
|
SIMPLE PRESENT
A.
Pola Kalimat
(+) S
+ V- 1 (s/es) + O + keterangan waktu.
(-) S + do/does
+ not + V - 1 + O + keterangan
waktu. (?) Do/does + S + V- 1 + O +
keterangan waktu?
Contoh :
(+) You study
English at MEC everyday.
(-) You don't study English at MEC everyday.
(?) Do you study English at
MEC everyday?
1.
Kalau subjek kalimat orang ketiga
tunggal (the third person
singular-she/he/it), kata kerja harus ditambah dengan "s" atau "es" dalam kalimat positif (positive
statement).
Contoh: Mary usually
goes swimming on Saturday
morning.
Mother always serves our breakfast before we go to
school.
My brother likes playing tennis on Sunday
morning.
2.
Akhiran "s" pada
kata kerja
Pada
umumnya kata kerja ditambah dengan akhiran "s" jika subjeknya orang
ketiga tunggal (the third person singular - he/she/it).
Contoh:
I work five days a week.
We play tennis every Sunday The boys play
in the garden
She works five
days a week. Father takes a train to go to office.
A mouse eats my
food every morning
3.
Akhiran "es" digunakan pada kata kerja
yang huruf akhirnya "s, ch, sh, x, o", jika subjeknya orang ketiga
tunggal. Sedangkan kata kerja yang huruf akhimya "y" dan didahului
huruf mati, y ditukar dulu dengan "i" kemudian ditambah
"es"
Contoh:
I pass the
house.
You watch television.
We wash our clocthes. They go to office.
I study English
He passes the house. John goes to office. She washes
her clothes.
She watches television. He studies English
4.
.Kalimat menyangkal (negative)
Kalimat
menyangkal (negative) dibentuk dengan
menempatkan "do not/don't atau does
not/doesn't" sesudah subjek kalimat.
"Doesn't" digunakan untuk orang
ketiga tunggal (he doesn't, she doesn't, it doesn't), sedangkan "don't"
digunakan
untuk selain orang ketiga tunggal (I
don't, you don't, we don't, they
don't).
Contoh:
You don't go
swimming on Monday. We don't work
on Saturday.
I don't work
at the aircraft factory.
He doesn't work on Saturday.
My brother doesn't play
football every day. John doesn't work
at the aircraft company
.
5.
Kalimat tanya (interrogative)
Kalimat
tanya (interrogative) dibentuk dengan menempatkan kata Bantu "do atau
does"di depan kalimat. "Does"
digunakan untuk orang ketiga tunggal (he, she, it), sedangkan
"do" digunakan untuk selain orang ketiga tunggal (I, you, we, they).
"Do/does" dalam kalimat tanya artinya"apakah" dan kata
kerjanya tidak lagi menggunakan akhiran "s/es" walaupun subjek
kalimatnya orang ketiga tunggal
Contoh:
Do you always go to office by train? Do they go
swimming every Sunday? Do the
boys like this film?
Does your brother work for bank Mandiri ?
Does he go
swimming every Sunday?
Does the boy like
this film?
6.
Kesesuaian subject dan auxiliary verb di tenses ini
adalah sebagai berikut:
DO digunakan oleh subject I, you, we, dan they. DOES digunakan
oleh subject she, he, dan it.
B. Penggunaan
1.
Simple Present digunakan
untuk menunjukkan suatu peristiwa, kejadian, kegiatan
yang terjadi berulang-ulang, atau merupakan suatu kebiasaan (habit).
Contoh:
I leave for office at 6 every morning. My father works five days a
week.
Father always drinks
tea in the afternoon.
2.
Simple Present
juga digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu fakta (fact) atau suatu yang merupakan kebenaran umum (general truth).
Contoh:
The River Nile flows into Mediterranean. Jet engines make a lot of
noise.
Vegetarians don't eat
meat and fish.
3.
Simple Present juga digunakan untuk menunjukkan sesuatu yang akan terjadi di waktu yang akan
datang, jika kita
membicarakan suatu Jadwal, program, dan lain-lain.
Contoh:
The second train
leaves at 10 a.m.
The football match starts at 4 p.m tomorrow. The second film begins at
7 p.m.
C.
Keterangan
Waktu (Adverb of time)
1. Adverb of frequency
always : selalu
Usually : biasanya
generally : umumnya
ever (?) : pernah Sometimes : kadang-kadang occasionally : kadarag-kaclang
never : tidak pernah
Seldom : jarang
2. Adverb of quantity
once … : sekali ...
once a day : sekali
dalam sehari once a week : sekali dalam seminggu twice … : dua kali ...
three times … : tiga kali dalam ... every … : setiap ...
Exercise
A. Make the sentences using the phrases below
a)
eat breakfast
b) go to class
c) put on my clothes
d) drink a cup of coffee/tea
e) shave
f) put on my make-up
g) take a shower/bath
h) get up
i)
pick up my books
j)
walk to the bathroom
k) watch TV
l)
look in the mirror
m) turn off the alarm clock
n) go to die kitchen/the cafeteria
o) brush/comb my hair
p) say good-bye to my roommate, wife/husband
q) brush my teeth
r) do exercises
s) wash my face
t) stretch, yawn, and rub my
eyes
B. Put the following sentences into simple present. Use the words in parentheses!
1.
My sister still … (make) some
mistakes in pronunciation.
2.
Hendry always … (do) his
weekly report on Monday afternoon.
3.
Mr. David's secretary always
… (type) a lot of letters in
the office.
4.
Some of us … (work) overtime on Saturday.
5.
He … (come) early because
he … (want) to see you.
6.
They always … (report) to their superior once a week.
7.
Our receptionist always … (serve) the customers patiently.
8.
His assistant never … (forget) to record the daily
transactions.
9.
One of them often … (pass) my house in the morning.
10.
We …… (go) to the seaside
every Saturday.
C. Change the following sentences into negative!
1.
The man comes here just to
take this letter.
2.
One of my brothers works for Bank of America in Jakarta.
3.
He makes his weekly report regularly.
4.
My manager always spends a
lot of money on books every month.
5.
The cashier goes to the bank
to cash the cheque.
D. Change the following sentences into interrogative!
1.
The man withdraws some money
from his account once a week.
2.
One of the men wants
to see our manager this afternoon.
3.
Some of them always finish
their work on time.
4.
My friend teaches English
twice a week.
5.
We always start work at 8 o'clock every morning.
E.

First, read and complete the text with phrases from the box.

My name is Jennie. I’m a nurse......................................and
I work
at................................................I
look after sick children at
night. I start
work at.............................................................and finish early
at...........................................in the morning. I go to work by
........................................................ but
I come home
in the morning
by.......................................................................because I’m tired. I
have...........................................in my section. I look at the
children.................................................
during the night. Sometimes I sit and talk to a child. The children sleep most
of the time. At 6 o'clock the day
nurse arrives
and………………............................................. She
.................................................................
at 7 o'clock. I go home and go
to bed at 8 o'clock. I usually
feel ...........................................
F. Now use this information to complete the questions that John asks Jennie.
1. What do you do?
2. Where.............................................................................................?
3. What time.......................................................................................?
4. What time.......................................................................................?
5. How................................................................................................?
6. How................................................................................................?
7. How many......................................................................................?
8. How often......................................................................................?
9. When..............................................................................................?
10. What
............................................................................at
7 o'clock?
11. How..................................................................when
you go home?
G. Write the missing verbs in the sentences below. Choose from the following:
cry dence drink drive laugh listen put read
run sing sleep study swim want write
1.
Alice and Max are learning to dance the tango.
2.
We usually _football songs on the bus.
3.
1 feel tired today because 1 didn't. last night.
4.
He doesn't go to the beach because he can't very
well.
5.
I always to the news on the
radio in the morning.
6.
Are we going to to
the airport or go by bus?
7.
It's a really sad film. It made me
.
8.
I think I'll some letters tonight.
9.
Jim Carrey is so funny. He always makes me .
10.
Don't all
the orange juice now. Leave some for breakfast.
11.
I always the newspaper before
I go to work.
12.
The bus is at the stop now. If we ,
we'll catch it.
13.
She's not hungry. She doesn't any cake.
14.
I'd like to medicine
at college.
15.
Shall I the milk in the fridge?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
A.
Pola Kalimat
(+) S + to be (is,am,are) + V-ing + O+ keterangan waktu.
(-) S + to be (is,am,are) + not + V-ing + O+ keterangan waktu (?) To be (is,am,are) + S + V ing + O+ keterangan
waktu?
Contoh :
(+) We are
studying English at BEC now. (-) We aren't studying
English at BEC now (?) Are
we studying English at BEC now?
1.
Kalimat menyangkal (negative)
Kalimat
menyangkal (negative) dibentuk dengan menambahkan "not" sesudah
to be (am not, is not/isn't, are not/aren't) dan ditempatkan
sesudah subjek kalimat.
Contoh :
Mary is not/isn't typing the monthly report.
The students are not/aren't
studying English in the classroom. I'm not/ am not preparing a minute of
meeting.
2.
Kalimat tanya (interrogative)
Kalimat tanya (interrogative statement) dibentuk dengan menempatkan to be (is,
am, atau are) di depan
kalimat. Dalam kalimat tanya to be "am, is, atau are" artinya "apakah".
Contoh : Are you doing your homework?
Is your father still working in
the office? Are the children playing in the garden?
3.
Kesesuaian subject
dan auxiliary verb di tenses ini adalah
sebagai berikut :
AM digunakan oleh subject I.
IS digunakan oleh subject she, he, dan it.
ARE digunakan oleh subject you, we, dan they.
B. Penggunaan
1.
Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan
suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang sedang terjadi atau berlangsung
saat kita
sedang bicara Contoh:
My brother is painting
the house. Please be quiet! The baby is
sleeping.
Listen! The neighbors are
quarrelling again.
2.
Present continuous tense digunakan
untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang bersifat sementara (temporary).
Contoh:
I am living with
my friend until I can find a house. This machine is not working well.
John is
living in his friend's flat at the moment.
David is always busy because he
is working on his thesis.
3.
Present continuous tense digunakan tamtuk
menunjukkan suatu keadaan atau situasi
yang berubah-ubah.
Contoh:
The population of Indonesia is
rising very fast.
Our economic situation is
already very bad and it is getting
worse.
The cost of living is
increasing. Every month things are dearer.
4.
Present continuous tense digunakan
untuk menunjukkan sesuatu yang akan dilakukan
di waktu yang akan datang
dan telah direncanakan atau ditentukan sebelumnya.
Contoh: I am meeting my father at the station
tomorrow morning.
We are
holidaying in Europe next month.
My father is having a meeting with his staff
tomorrow morning.
5.
Beberapa kata kerja tidak digunakan
dalam present continuous tense. Kita
tidak boleh mengatakan, "I am liking mango very much,"
tapi kita harus mengatakan, "I like mango very much." Beberapa kata
kerja yang tidak digunakan daIam present continuous tense adalah:
kata yang menyangkut
pancaindera : see, hear, notice, recognize.
kata-kata yang menyangkut emosi :
want, desire, smell, notice, forgive, wish, care, like, hate, adore, dislike.
kata-kata
yang menyangkut pikiran : think, feel, realize, understand, know, mean,
suppose, believe, expect, remember, recollect, forget, recall, trust, mind.
kata-kata yang menyangkut milik : own, belong, possess.
kata-kata kerja seperti :
seem, signify, appear,- contain, consist, keep, concern, matter
Contoh :
a.
I am knowing her well. (Poor)
I know her well. (Good)
b.
I am understanding what you are meaning (Poor) I understand
what you mean. (Good)
C.
Kata/frase yang biasa digunakan dalam present continuous tense
·
Now : Sekarang
·
At present : Sekarang Ini .
·
At this moment : Pada
Saat Ini
·
Right now : Sekarang
Ini
·
Still : Masih
·
Look : Lihat
·
Listen : Dengarkan Exercise
A Put the following sentences into present Continuous. Use the words in parentheses!
1.
One of my assistants … (correct) the financial report.
2.
Some of them … (work) in the factory.
3.
The two men … (discuss) their new plans.
4.
The girl … (take) something in that room.
5.
My assistant … (analyze) their proposal in his room.
6.
She … (talk) to one of our regular customers in that room.
7.
My friend… (Park)
his car beside that building.
8.
The mechanic… (Repair)
my car in my garage.
9.
One of them … (try) to open
the door.
10.
They … (do) their English exercises in the classroom.
B. Change the following sentences into negative!
1.
My accountant is calculating
the total expenses we need.
2.
My little sister is returning
the books to the library.
3.
The guests are having lunch
with my supervisor.
4.
John is paying the food he
ordered.
5.
My supervisor is still training some new employees in the training room.
C. Change the following sentences into interrogative!
1.
She is doing something in the meeting
room.
2.
The investors are calling all mechanical staffs in London.
3.
Billy is reporting to his boss in the head office.
4.
Brenda is recording all today's transactions.
5.
The receptionists are still talking to one of my guests.
D. Look at the picture and the description. Re-write the description to make it correct.
![]() |
Steve is
reading a newspaper. The children, Sam and Eric, are playing with a ball. They
are both wearing sunglasses. Pam is cooking chicken. She's laughing because the
smoke is getting in her eyes. Jo is standing with her mother and she is listening to music on her personal stereo. She is eating an orange.
Fred, the dog, is lying on the grass asleep.
1. Steve is not reading
newspaper. He is reading a book
2. Sam and
Eric..........................................'..............................................
3.
.................................................................................................................
4.
.................................................................................................................
5.
.................................................................................................................
6.
.................................................................................................................
7. .................................................................................................................
8.
................................................................................................................
.
E. Simple present vs. present progressive. Directions: Use either the simple present or the present progressive of the verbs in parentheses.
1.
Diane can't come to the phone because
she (wash) is washing her hair.
2.
Diane (wash) her
hair every other day or so.
3.
Kathy (sit, usually) in
the front row during class, but today she
(sit)
in the
last row.
4.
Please be quiet. I (try)
to concentrate.
5.
(you, lock, always) the door to your apartment
when you leave?
6.
I wrote to my friend last
week. She hasn't answered my letter yet. I
(wait, still) for a reply.
7.
After six days of rain, I'm glad that the sun (shine)
again today.
8.
Every morning, the sun (shine) in
my bedroom window and (wake) me
up.
9.
A: Look! It (snow
B: It's beautiful! This is the first time I've ever seen snow. It (snow,
not) in my country.
10.
A: Close your eyes. Now listen carefully. What (I, do)
?
B: You (rub the
top of your desk with your hand.
A: Close, but not exactly
right. Try again.
B: Aha! You (rub) your
hands together.
A: Right!
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
A.
Pola Kalimat
(+) S
+ have/has + V-3 + O
(-) S +-have/has
+ not + V-3 + 0 (?) Have/has + S + V-3 + O?
Contoh :
(+) We have
visited him.
(-) we have not/haven’t visited him (?) Have
we visited him?
1.
Kalimat Tanya (interrogative)
Kalimat
tanya (interrogative) dibentuk dengan menempatkan "have/has" di depan
kalimat. dalam kalimat tanya, kata kerja selalu dalam bentuk past participle.
Contoh:
·
Has your brother got a job? (Apakah saudaramu sudah mendapat pekerjaan?)
·
Have you made a decision where you will continue your study?
(Apakah kamu sudah membuat keputusan ke mana kamu akan meneruskan kuliahmu?)
2.
Kalimat menyangkal (negative)
Kalimat
menyangkal (negative) dibentuk dengan menambahkan "not" sesudah
"have/ has'' (have not/haven't, has not/hasn't) dan ditempatkan sesudah
subjek kalimat.
Contoh:
·
I have not/haven't done my report for this week. (Saya
belum mengerjakan laporan saya untuk minggu ini.)
·
She has not hasn't typed the weekly report. (Dia belum
mengetik laporan mingguan itu.)
·
Father has not/hasn't paid his installment for this
month. (Ayah belum membayar cicilamrya untuk bulan ini.)
3.
Kesesuaian subject dan auxiliary verb di tenses ini adalah sebagai
berikut :
HAVE digunakan oleh subject I,
you, we, dan they. HAS digunakan oleh subject she, he, dan it.
4.
Keterangan waktu yang biasa dipakai dalam tenses ini adalah
:
·
Already : sudah
·
for : Selama
·
since : Sejak
·
ever : Pernah
·
just : Baru saja
·
recently : Baru-baru ini
B.
Penggunaan
1.
Present perfect tense digunakan
untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian
atau peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu lampau
dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang.
Contoh:
·
We have occupied this house for seven years. (Kami sudah menempati
rumah ini selama tujuh tahun)
·
My brother has studied English for seven months.
(Saudara saya sudah belajar bahasa Inggris selama tujuh bulan)
2.
Present perfect tense digunakan
untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian
atau peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu lampau
dan masih ada hubungannya dengan waktu sekarang atau akibatnya dapat dilihat/dirasakan sekarang.
Contoh :
·
My father has bought a new car. (Ayah saya sudah
membeli sebuah mobil baru)
·
Brenda has passed from senior high school. (Brenda
sudah lulus dari sekolah menengah atas)
3.
Present perfect tense juga digunakan
dengan "this morning, this
afternoon, today, this week, this month, this year" untuk menunjukkan
bahwa sesuatu kejadian atau perbuatan telah dilakukan berulang kali.
Exercise
Contoh:
·
I have tried to contact him three times today. (Saya sudah mencoba
menghubunginya tiga kali hari ini)
·
She has visited this country twice this month. (Dia
sudah mengunjungi negara ini dua kali bulan ini)
A. Put the following sentences into Present Perfect Tense. Use the words in parentheses!
1.
They … (complete) the new building.
2.
Father … (buy) a new car for his son.
3.
My secretary… (post) the letters.
4.
Mr. Smith … (sell) one of his cars.
5.
I believe that they … (transfer) the
money.
B. Put the following sentences into negative!
1.
She has finished typing all the reports.
2.
Our translators have translated this novel into Indonesian.
3.
All of them have left the tiny village.
4.
One of my classmates has just celebrated her birthday.
5.
They have abandoned the burning ship.
C. Put the following sentences into interrogative!
1.
I have contacted his manager three times today.
2.
They have printed this best seller novel three times this year.
3.
We have occupied this new house for two months.
4.
My sister has visited our grandfather at this village many times.
5.
This old city has changed a lot since I left it thirty years ago.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
A.
Pola Kalimat
(+) S + V2 + 0 + keterangan waktu.
(-) S + did
+ not + V1 + O+ keterangan waktu. (?) Did +
S + V1 + O+ keterangan waktu?
Contoh :
(+) You visited my mother yesterday.
(-) You didn't
visit my mother yesterday. (?) Did you visit my mother yesterday?
1.
Simple past tense menggunakan keterangan waktu lampau. Keterangan waktu
yang sering digunakan dalam simple past tense
adalah:
2.
Semua subject menggunakan DID untuk
kalimat negative dan interrogative
B. Penggunaan
1.
Simple past tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian, peristiwa
atau keadaan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau.
Contoh:
·
The children enjoyed the party last
night.
·
His father died when he was ten years
old.
2.
Simple past tense juga digunakan untuk menanyakan waktu terjadinya
suatu kejadian atau peristiwa
Contoh:
·
When did you buy this new car?
·
When did she get married?
·
When did you buy this English dictionary?
·
When did your brother leave for England?
Exercise
a. Put the following sentences into simple past tense. Use the verbs in parentheses!
1.
They …… (use) this room to discuss their plans last night.
2.
The man …… (reserve) two double rooms last week.
3.
Mr. Brown …… (return) from England last week.
4.
My brother …… (apply) for a job last month and he was accepted.
5.
They …… (finish) work at 5.50 yesterday afternoon.
b. Put the following sentences into simple past tense. Use the verbs in parentheses.
1.
She … (take) the stamps from my drawer yesterday morning.
2.
They … (spend) the night at one of my friend's last night.
3.
My secretary … (bring) all the books home last week.
4.
A friend of mine … (get) a job here a month ago.
5.
My boss … (give) me a good dictionary for my birthday present.
c. Change the following sentences into negative!
1.
Mr. Skousens signed these two cheques last Monday.
2.
I met them at the airport two weeks
ago.
3.
The bank debited the amount from my account last week.
4.
We settled all the payments when I was abroad last month.
5.
I decided to contact your service manager yesterday morning.
d. Change the following sentences into Interrogative!
1.
He promised to take me home last night.
2.
Jane stopped working because she had got a better job.
3.
She often had lunch late because she was very busy.
4.
My sister took a bus because her driver was ill.
5.
She went home late because she had to work overtime.
e. Fill the missing words below using simple past of present perfect. Use the words in the bracelet.
1.
What (you, learn) have you learned since you (come)
here? And how many new
friends (you, make)
?
2.
Since classes began, I (have, not)
much
free time. I (have) several
big tests to study for.
3.
Last night my friend and I (have) some
free time, so we (go) to a show.
4.
I admit that I (get) older
since I last (see)
you, but with any luck at
all, I (get, also)
wiser.
5.
The science of medicine (advance) a great deal in
the 19th century.
6.
In the last fifty years, medical scientists
(make) many important discoveries.
7.
Libraries today are different from those in the 1800s. For example, the
contents of libraries (change) greatly
through the years. In the 1800s, libraries (be) simply
collections of books. However, today most libraries (become)
multimedia
centers that contain tapes, computers, disks, films, magazines, music, and
paintings. The role of the library in society
(change, also) In the
1800s, libraries (be) open
only to certain people, such as scholars or the wealthy. Today libraries serve everyone.
8.
A: Are you taking Chemistry 101 this
semester?
B: No, I (take, already)_ it. I (take)
it
last semester. This semester I'm in 102.
9.
A: Hi, Judy. Welcome to the party, (you,
meet, ever) -----------------
---------------- my cousin?
B: No, I
10.
A: Do you like lobster?
B: I don't know. I (eat, never) ---------------------------------
it.
f. Write the missing verbs in the sentences below in the Past Simple. Choose from the following:
call clean cry enjoy invite jump move need plan rain show stop talk use wait
1.
The weather was terrible in Ireland. It _ rained nearly every day.
2.
Why do the windows look dirty already? I
them
yesterday.
3.
He was only three when his parents from London to New York.
4.
Yesterday Maria
. me an amazing photo of you.
5.
I _ to
Karen at the party. She was really interesting.

6.
She was really happy when she won the tennis
match and she over the
net.
7.
I _ you three times
this afternoon, hut your phone was always engaged.
8.
We forty
people to the party, but only twenty came.
9.
She went to the shops because she to buy some milk and
eggs.
10.
Thank you for a wonderful evening. 1 really
it.
11.
My little sister when our cat died.
12.
I reading
that computer book because it was so boring.
13.
I didn't write in pen. I a pencil.
14.
We for
you for an hour outside the cinema. Where were you?
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